Understanding What Fluid Dynamics is

Fluid dynamics is the study of the movement of fluids, including their interactions as two fluids come into contact with each other. In this context, the term fluid refers to either liquid or gases. It is a macroscopic, statistical approach to analyzing these interactions at a large scale, viewing the fluids as a continuum of matter and generally ignoring the fact that the liquid or gas is composed of individual atoms. Fluid dynamics is one of the two main branches of fluid mechanics, with the other branch being  fluid statics,  the study of fluids at rest. (Perhaps not surprisingly, fluid statics may be thought of as a bit less exciting most of the time than fluid dynamics.) Key Concepts of Fluid Dynamics Every discipline involves concepts that are crucial to understanding how it operates. Here are some of the main ones that youll come across when trying to understand fluid dynamics. Basic Fluid Principles The fluid concepts that apply in fluid statics also come into play when studying fluid that is in motion. Pretty much the earliest concept in fluid mechanics is that of buoyancy, discovered in ancient Greece by Archimedes. As fluids flow, the density and pressure of the fluids are also crucial to understanding how they will interact. The viscosity  determines how resistant the liquid is to change, so is also essential in studying the movement of the liquid. Here are some of the variables that come up in these analyses: Bulk viscosity:  ÃŽ ¼Density:  Ã Kinematic viscosity:  ÃŽ ½ ÃŽ ¼ / Ï  Flow Since fluid dynamics involves the study of the motion of fluid, one of the first concepts that must be understood is how physicists quantify that movement. The term that physicists use to describe the physical properties of the movement of liquid is flow. Flow describes a wide range of fluid movement, such blowing through the air, flowing through a pipe, or running along a surface. The flow of a fluid is classified in a variety of different ways, based upon the various properties of the flow. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow If the movement of fluid does not change over time, it is considered a steady flow. This is determined by a situation where all properties of the flow remain constant with respect to time or alternately can be talked about by saying that the time-derivatives of the flow field vanish. (Check out calculus for more about understanding derivatives.) A steady-state flow  is even less time-dependent because all of the fluid properties (not just the flow properties) remain constant at every point within the fluid. So if you had a steady flow, but the properties of the fluid itself changed at some point (possibly because of a barrier causing time-dependent ripples in some parts of the fluid), then you would have a steady flow that is not a steady-state flow. All steady-state flows are examples of steady flows, though.  A current flowing at a constant rate through a straight pipe would be an example of a steady-state flow (and also a steady flow).   If the flow itself has properties that change over time, then it is called an unsteady flow or a transient flow. Rain flowing into a gutter during a storm is an example of unsteady flow. As a general rule, steady flows make for easier problems to deal with than unsteady flows, which is what one would expect given that the time-dependent changes to the flow dont have to be taken into account, and things that change over time are typically going to make things more complicated. Laminar Flow vs. Turbulent Flow A smooth flow of liquid is said to have laminar flow. Flow that contains seemingly chaotic, non-linear motion is said to have turbulent flow. By definition, a turbulent flow is a type of unsteady flow.   Both types of flows may contain eddies, vortices, and various types of recirculation, though the more of such behaviors that exist the more likely the flow is to be classified as turbulent.   The distinction between whether a flow is laminar or turbulent is usually related to the Reynolds number (Re). The Reynolds number was first calculated in 1951 by physicist George Gabriel Stokes, but it is named after the 19th-century scientist Osborne Reynolds. The Reynolds number is dependent not only on the specifics of the fluid itself but also on the conditions of its flow, derived as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the following way:   Re Inertial force / Viscous forces Re (Ï  V dV/dx) / (ÃŽ ¼ d2V/dx2) The term dV/dx is the gradient of the velocity (or first derivative of the velocity), which is proportional to the velocity (V) divided by L, representing a scale of length, resulting in dV/dx V/L. The second derivative is such that d2V/dx2 V/L2. Substituting these in for the first and second derivatives results in: Re (Ï  V V/L) / (ÃŽ ¼ V/L2) Re   (Ï  V L) / ÃŽ ¼ You can also divide through by the length scale L, resulting in a Reynolds number per foot, designated as Re f V /  ÃŽ ½. A low Reynolds number indicates smooth, laminar flow. A high Reynolds number indicates a flow that is going to demonstrate eddies and vortices and will generally be more turbulent. Pipe Flow vs. Open-Channel Flow Pipe flow represents a flow that is in contact with rigid boundaries on all sides, such as water moving through a pipe (hence the name pipe flow) or air moving through an air duct. Open-channel flow describes flow in other situations where there is at least one free surface that is not in contact with a rigid boundary. (In technical terms, the free surface has 0 parallel sheer stress.) Cases of open-channel flow include water moving through a river, floods, water flowing during rain, tidal currents, and irrigation canals. In these cases, the surface of the flowing water, where the water is in contact with the air, represents the free surface of the flow. Flows in a pipe are driven by either pressure or gravity, but flows in open-channel situations are driven solely by gravity. City water systems often use water towers to take advantage of this, so that the elevation difference of the water in the tower (the  hydrodynamic head)  creates a pressure differential, which is then adjusted with mechanical pumps to get water to the locations in the system where they are needed.   Compressible vs. Incompressible Gases are generally treated as compressible fluids because the volume that contains them can be reduced. An air duct can be reduced by half the size and still carry the same amount of gas at the same rate. Even as the gas flows through the air duct, some regions will have higher densities than other regions. As a general rule, being incompressible means that the density of any region of the fluid does not change as a function of time as it moves through the flow. Liquids can also be compressed, of course, but theres more of a limitation on the amount of compression that can be made. For this reason, liquids are typically modeled as if they were incompressible. Bernoullis Principle Bernoullis principle is another key element of fluid dynamics, published in Daniel Bernoullis 1738 book  Hydrodynamica. Simply put, it relates the increase of speed in a liquid to a decrease in pressure or potential energy.  For incompressible fluids, this can be described using what is known as Bernoullis equation: (v2/2) gz p/Ï  constant Where g is the acceleration due to gravity, Ï  is the pressure throughout the liquid,  v is the fluid flow speed at a given point, z is the elevation at that point, and p is the pressure at that point. Because this is constant within a fluid, this means that these equations can relate any two points, 1 and 2, with the following equation: (v12/2) gz1 p1/Ï  (v22/2) gz2 p2/Ï  The relationship between pressure and potential energy of a liquid based on elevation is also related through Pascals Law. Applications of Fluid Dynamics Two-thirds of the Earths surface is water and the planet is surrounded by layers of atmosphere, so we are literally surrounded at all times by fluids ... almost always in motion. Thinking about it for a bit, this makes it pretty obvious that there would be a lot of interactions of moving fluids for us to study and understand scientifically. Thats where fluid dynamics comes in, of course, so theres no shortage of fields that apply concepts from fluid dynamics. This list is not at all exhaustive, but provides a good overview of ways in which fluid dynamics show up in the study of physics across a range of specializations: Oceanography, Meteorology,   Climate Science - Since the atmosphere is modeled as fluids, the study of atmospheric science  and ocean currents, crucial for understanding and predicting weather patterns and climate trends, relies heavily on fluid dynamics.Aeronautics - The physics of fluid dynamics involves studying the flow of air to create drag and lift, which in turn generate the forces that allow heavier-than-air flight.Geology Geophysics - Plate tectonics involves studying the motion of the heated matter within the liquid core of the Earth.Hematology Hemodynamics - The biological study of blood includes the study of its circulation through blood vessels, and the blood circulation can be modeled using the methods of fluid dynamics.Plasma Physics - Though neither a liquid nor a gas, plasma often behaves in ways that are similar to fluids, so can also be modeled using fluid dynamics.Astrophysics Cosmology  - The process of stellar evolution involves the change of stars over time, which can be understood by studying how the plasma that composes the stars flows and interacts within the star over time.Traffic Analysis - Perhaps one of the most surprising applications of fluid dynamics is in understanding the movement of traffic, both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. In areas where the traffic is sufficiently dense, the whole body of traffic can be treated as a single entity that behaves in ways that are roughly similar enough to the flow of a fluid. Alternative Names of Fluid Dynamics Fluid dynamics is also sometimes referred at as hydrodynamics, although this is more of a historical term. Throughout the twentieth century, the phrase fluid dynamics became much more commonly used. Technically, it would be more appropriate to say that hydrodynamics is when fluid dynamics is applied to liquids in motion and aerodynamics is when fluid dynamics is applied to gases in motion. However, in practice, specialized topics such as hydrodynamic stability and magnetohydrodynamics use the hydro- prefix even when they are applying those concepts to the motion of gases.

Television and Domestication of Cosmetic Surgery - 3017 Words

TELEVISION AND THE DOMESTICATION OF COSMETIC SURGERY ARTICLE BY- Sue Tait INTRODUCTION: Today, there are a number of reality series on television which make over â€Å"ordinary† people. Two such US produced shows are Extreme Makeover and Nip/Tuck. Extreme Makeover aired from 2002 to 2005 was the most successful of television’s surgical reality shows and Nip/Tuck which was on air from 2003 was the first drama series about cosmetic surgery. This article by Sue Tait throws light on how cosmetic surgery advertised in television shows have played a major role in changing the thinking of women. There are celebrities out there on television, having had a number of cosmetic surgeries to their â€Å"imperfect† body part, who influence viewers†¦show more content†¦Many consumers felt they looked very ugly, awful, unaesthetic or even dirty about particular body defects. In this case, it is not about changing a body part for the sake of looking more beautiful, it is an attempt to lessen a problem which has become an unbearable suffering for several people. The feeling of having small breasts or many wrinkles is no less devastating to a person’s sense of self than the feeling of being born with a deformity or coming to terms with a disturbing accident. Cosmetic surgery was a remedy to this suffering and patients felt this was an empowered act that presented themselves as courageous protagonists. Feminism is secondary as the means to challenge the abnormal body which generates suffering. Cosmetic surgery was found to be important as a solution to problems of self-identity. Popular representation of surgical culture authorizes and expresses its normalization and is reflected by post-feminist ideologies. POST-FEMINISM AND THE SURGICAL MEDIASCRAPE: The negativity like vanity, superficiality and inauthenticity associated with cosmetic surgery found a new legality with public culture of post-feminist ways to imagine the surgical subject. The pessimistic stigma that was attached to cosmetic surgery was attributed in part to feministShow MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery for Middle-Aged Women Essay example2262 Words   |  10 Pagestowards cosmetic surgery women. The key question which I will be analyzing will be on (why do early middle age women go though cosmetic surgery?). I will use the current issues in cultural consumer and historic affect on cosmetic surgery for early middle age women. I will be using recent theories and literature on identifying the key elements such as, (body image, aging anxiety, being overweight, media exposure, body dissatisfaction, also a feminist and post feminist perspective of cosmetic surgeryRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesorder to ear n and retain their business. A) Integrated B) Demand-based C) Direct D) Relationship E) Internal Answer: D Page Ref: 20 Objective: 4 Difficulty: Easy 64) Tracys is a chain of hair dressing salons for women. They use the television, magazines, radio, and newspapers to advertise their services. The owners ensure that all communication channels deliver a common message to prospective customers. Tracys believes in ________. A) internal marketing B) integrated marketing C)

Analyzing the Buyer Decision Process by interviewing two consumers Free Essays

The buyer decision process is like an imaginary process that the consumer undergoes in buying a product or a service. This process happens before, during, and after purchasing the product or a service. The concept of this process says that a consumer undergoes different ‘stages’ whenever he is involved in a transaction of a product or service. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing the Buyer Decision Process by interviewing two consumers or any similar topic only for you Order Now These stages include Need recognition, Information search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase decision, and Post purchase behavior (Kotler, 1999). Recognition of the consumer’s needs can be caused by internal or external stimuli. Examples of internal stimuli are a person’s needs such as thirst and hunger. External stimuli, on the other hand, consist of advertisements, slogans, magazines etc (Kotler, 1999). In the case of Person A, she saw the ice cream in a poster and that’s what made her buy the particular ice cream because it looks delicious. Person B, on the other hand, bought the ice cream simply because she felt the need of cold food because of the climate. In that situation, Person A’s need of ice cream is caused by an external stimulus while Person B’s need is caused by an internal stimulus. By analyzing the answers of the interviewees, we can say that climate and advertising are one of the factors that influenced the buying behavior of the two consumers. Information about the product can be made known by the consumer through personal, commercial, public, and experiential sources. Personal sources can be family, friends, and close relatives. These are actually the most effective source of information. An example of a commercial source is a salesperson. Usually, most of the information about the product can be made known through this kind of source. Public sources include mass media. Experiential sources exist when the consumer already tried the product, or experienced it (Kotler, 1999). When asked about their source of information about the ice cream, Person A said that she saw the ice cream in a poster while Person B answered that a friend told her that the particular ice cream tastes good. Person A’s source is belongs to Public sources while Person B’s source belongs to Personal sources. When asked about the importance of their source, Person A said that her source is not really that important. On the other hand, Person B said that her source is important (her source is her friend) because the ice cream was recommended by her friend and that she trusts her friend. The next step in the process is the evaluation of alternatives. In this stage, the consumer evaluates the features of the products and many other factors (Kotler, 1999). Person A said that before buying the ice cream, he considered the price, the flavor, and if she will be satisfied after consuming the product. The same thing goes for person B. She also said that she considered the product price, flavor, and her satisfaction afterwards. When asked how they evaluated these alternatives, they said that they just look at the product and the information that comes with it. In this case, the buying behavior of the consumers is influenced by the product’s features. The purchase intention is the consumer’s want to purchase her most preferred kind of the product (Kotler, 1999). Person B said that in deciding what flavor of ice cream to buy, she just looks at the flavors and recalls about her experiences about these flavors. Person A answered just the same as Person B. Person A said that she chose vanilla because it is her personal favorite. Person B said that she is in the mood for chocolate that is why she chose that particular flavor. In this case, factors that influenced the buying behavior of the consumers are experience, personal choice, and mood/emotion. Post purchase behavior is like the evaluation of the consumer after purchasing the product or a service (Kotler, 1999). In the end, the consumer can be satisfied or dissatisfied. When asked about describing their level of satisfaction, both interviewees answered that their level of satisfaction is high and that they were both satisfied. Why? Because the outcome of their purchase met their expectations. Many other factors might have affected the buying behavior of the two consumers. Demographics might have also contributed on the purchase of the ice cream. Since there are 3 ice cream parlors in located near the consumers’ place, demographics might also have affected their purchase. If there are no ice cream parlors in the place, they may not be able to purchase ice cream. Reference: Kotler, P. (1999). Principles of marketing. Retrieved April 30, 2007, 2007, from http//:cas. uah. edu/berkowd/webpage/MKT600/KOTCHA05. PPT How to cite Analyzing the Buyer Decision Process by interviewing two consumers, Essays

Globalization Influence On Quality Management †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Globalization Influence On Quality Management In Workplace. Answer: Introduction Globalization is the integration and interaction among people, governments, companies and firms of different countries and it involves international trade and investment with the help of information and technology. As more organizations and firms are trying to keep up to date with globalization, that is, growing and improving methods of trading operation, they are adopting more advanced and up to date methods or production and operation, thus interfering with the functioning of quality management activities in the day to day at the work places. While globalization may have great positive changes towards quality management, it also has negative impacts. Consequently, it is important for various stakeholders in the workplace to play different roles in managing globalization and controlling quality management. The stakeholders include customers, managers, employees, organizational culture, and business partners among others who are bestowed with various roles to control and cope with th e changes influenced by globalization. This essay will analyse the influence of globalization on quality management in the current today work place. An analysis of the effects of globalization to the functioning of quality management is included in the analysis. The paper will further explain the roles of different stakeholders, including, customers, managers, employees, and organizational culture, business partners play on coping with globalization. Discussion Effects of Globalization to the Functioning of Quality Management According to Barak(2016,p.93) globalization has adversely influenced the world particularly the organizational structure and workplace management provides that with the adverse trends influenced by globalization it is adequately imperative for every organization to implement the changes that are in par with the current changes and future trends. In relation to globalization, there are various effects that globalization has impacted the functioning of quality management in the current workplace. The effects are discussed herein. Improvements in earnings. As more organizations and firms open up to globalization, theres creation of large and more markets which directly and indirectly translates to increased earnings from the business operations. As more companies have access to overseas companies that offer outsourcing services, wages have changed for many workers. Barak(2016,p.36) argues that while it means an improvement in the profit margin for firms, it can also lead to reduced wages for employees. Managers are therefore required to set up favourable and balanced salaries and wages principles to enable a better working condition for the workers. Improved standards Different nations across the world have different products, quality standard and health standards. As an impact from globalization, countries with less improved standards are trying to adopt their better product, health and working standards thus improving working places. Most developing nations have less standards in terms of product quality, health standards and levels of production as compared to developed nations. Thus, organizations in less developed countries have the task of integrating any borrowed schemes from international markets into the system of their organizations. Improved cultural and religious diversity As firms and companies deal with large opened up markets comprising of manager and workers from different religious and cultural background, they get to learn more about other cultures and religious across the world does bringing about diversity among the entire human race of business and workers across the world. Batova and Clark (2015, p. 42) conclude that in turn helps to bring about cooperation and cohesion in the running of management activities. For instance, the interaction of people from the Christianity and Islamic religions has brought about union in trading activities. Specialization Globalization has led to increased job specialization across different nations. More nations are focusing on producing and trading in goods and services in which they are better off than other nations. They focus on producing goods whose resources required in production are available within the country. This has in a greater way impacted management functions at various work places. Specialization improves the quantity and quality of goods and services traded in the market. Relocation and dislocations in jobs. Many jobs are outsourced from one country to another because of lower labour costs; which means that many people who used to work in different jobs are out of the jobs and need to find new jobs. Crane and Matten (2016, p.68) are clear that globalization creates job dislocations and not losses. Globalization. Technological advancements have seen a lot people of being left without job opportunities of their know-how due to take-over by technology. Increased career growth, job retraining and improved education The need to help dislocated workers get the training and education they need for more skilled jobs created by globalization has necessitated retraining of employees and advanced education. Barak (2016,P.99) explains that managers are more focused on seeing that the dislocated workers fit in the opening spaces in the work places due to globalization thus encouraging job retraining. Interventions in the joint ventures Companies and their manager are more focused on employing people with the right profiles and those who are capable, that is, those who have the capacity to deliver. In the joint ventures, professionals are required to predict and manage culture-fit policies. Constant review of contemporary practices Programmes and policies- manages and their organizations are focused on coming up with policies and programmes which are responsive and protective against any external environment which is harmful. This in a great way impacts day to day operations in the work places. Adoption and changes in technology Various organizations are adopting better technology which has greatly impacted the day to day activities in the working places. Developing organizations are picking up the technology from already established organizations. This in a greater day has impacted the functioning of quality management in the day to day operations. The various agents in coping up with globalization Globalization has led about job dislocations, opening up new markets and divergence among the work industries various firms and organizations are developing tactics and methods of tacking emerging markets (B. Plijter, JM van der Voordt and Rocco 2014, p.217). All the changes coming along with globalization, depending on the context and characteristics of various companies and firms, they have a more or less broad collection of strategies to meet the challenges of globalization. Various agents however have a role in this, that is; The role of customers in coping with globalization Consumers in rich countries who enjoy access to a wide variety of low-cost imports dont band together to aid other producers in less developed nations who go out of business. Exporters who open new markets in emerging economics often exploit tax regulation and weak competition rather than trying to help secure a brighter future for the world. There are initiatives, such as trade adjustments assistance programs which are consumer based that attempt to bring about better gains from trade. For instances, we have programmer in the USA which seek to retool struggling business and retain unneeded workers (Crane and Matten 2016, p.82). The role of managers in coping with globalization Managers of various organization and firms are developing policies that ensure their firms are not adversely affected by globalization. The policies are geared towards ensuring maximum gain from globalizations. Managers have a great role in controlling the impact of globalization in an organization. The role of government in dealing with globalization Government have joined hands in enabling the development of policies and regulations that guide the operation in international trade so as to ensure every participant gains from globalization. For instance, they monitor currency trends and fluctuations from different countries to aid in business operations without exploitation. They also monitor imports and exports leaving and entering the country, in this way, each government avoids dumping of goods and maintains a favourable balance of payments. The role of employees in coping with globalizations Employees have the task of ensuring that they are up to date with various trends in the globe. Globalization comes along with adoption of new business and working ideas. They can ensure that they are up to task with the emerging job opportunities by undergoing training and furthering the levels of know-how so as to fit in the new jobs. However, they can also help in overcoming the negatives of globalization by complying with the directives of their heads, i.e. manager. The role of organizational culture in coping up with globalization Firms with flexible and versatile culture tend to be thriving amidst the challenges by globalization because: They easily adopt new and more advanced methods of production and integrate them into their system. In case of any defect, the system can be altered easily. This is because of versatility in the organization culture. Organization with a poor rigid organization culture will find it difficult to put up with the advancement of globalization, that is, technology (Barak 2016, p.48). The role of trade unions in partnership in coping up with global warming Different trade unions and blocs come together to join hands in ensuring that different nations and firms trade fairly at the international level without exploitation. They agree on basic terms of trade to the counter negative impact of globalization and maximize the gains. Conclusion However hard organizations, firms, countries, individual employees and manager try to do away with the negative challenges arising from globalization. There still exists the side effects of globalization. Countries and organization are more focused on getting the maximum out of international trade and integration regardless of the dangers posed to other nations and organizations. Though globalization has more advantages composed to its dangers to nations and organizations. References Plijter, E., JM van der Voordt, T. and Rocco, R., 2014. Managing the workplace in a globalized world: the role of national culture in workplace management.Facilities,32(13/14), pp.744-760. Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Batova, T. and Clark, D., 2015. The complexities of globalized content management.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,29(2), pp.221-235. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.